Theory of Superunification. Chapter 4. The quantised structure of the electron and the positron. The neutrino

Chapter 4. The quantised structure of the electron and the positron. The neutrino

Leonov V. S. Quantum Energetics. Volume 1. Theory of Superunification. Cambridge International Science Publishing, 2010, 262-351 pages.

The quantised structure of the electron and the positron has been investigated in the development of the Superunification theory. These particles are open quantum mechanical systems and are the compound part of the quantised space-time. The electron (positron) as an elementary particle forms as a result of attraction of the quantons to the central electrical charge placed in the quantised medium. As a result of the spherical deformation of the medium, the electrical charge acquires the mass and transforms into the electron (positron). It has been established that the main factor which ensures spherical deformation of the medium by the electron is its spherical magnetic field, an analogue of the spin. In annihilation of the electron and the positron the spherical magnetic field is disrupted and the energy of the spherical deformation of the medium, i.e., the energy of the mass defect, is released and transforms into radiation gamma quanta. The released massless charges merge into an electrical dipole, forming the electron neutrino, an information bit indicating that the pair of the particles electron and positron did exist. It has also been found that the movement of the electron (positron) in the superelastic and superhard quantised medium is determined by the wave transfer of mass and tunnelling of the point electrical charge in the channels between the quantons of the medium.

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Classic electron radius

4.3. Gravitational boundary of the electron

4.4. Electrical radius of the electron

4.5. Hidden energy and electron mass

4.6. Many relationships of electron parameters

4.7. Gravitational diagram and electron zones

4.8. The gravitational attraction zone

4.9. Equivalence of gravitational and electromagnetic energies

4.10. Tensioning of the medium by the electron

4.11. Gravitational well of the electron

4.12. The zone of antigravitational repulsion

4.13. The zone of the minus mass of the electron

4.14. Annihilation of the electron and the positron

4.15. The effect of electrical force on the quanton in the electron

4.16. Effect of the spherical magnetic field of the quanton. Electron spin

4.17. Electron energy balance

4.18. Tunnelling of the charge and wave transfer of electron mass

4.19. Conclusions

References

4 .19. Conclusions

1. New fundamental discoveries of the space-time quantum (quanton) and superstrong electromagnetic interaction enable us to investigate the quantised structure of the electron and the positron as an open quantum mechanical system, being the compound part of the quantised space-time. The electron and the positron as elementary particles are in fact not so elementary and their composition includes a large number of quantons which together with the central electrical charge form the particle inside the quantised medium.

2. It has been established that the mass of the electron (positron) forms as a result of attraction of the quantons to the central electrical charge under the effect of ponderomotive forces of the nonuniform radial electrical field of the central charge. At the same time, a spherical magnetic field, a spin analogue, forms around the central charge. In particular, the spherical magnetic field of the electron (positron) is the main factor which ensures spherical deformation of the quantised medium leading to the formation of the mass of the particle. In contrast to the nuclons, the electron (positron) does not have any distinctive gravitational boundary in the quantised medium. The conventional gravitational boundary of the electron (positron) is represented by its classic radius, producing a ‘jump’ in the quantum density of the medium.

3. The gravitational diagram of the electron (positron) has been analysed. Several characteristic energy zones were found in the electron (positron):

• the zone of gravitational attraction (gravitational well);

• the zone of gravitational repulsion (gravitational hillock);

• the zone of hidden mass and energy

The effect of the zone of gravitational repulsion is evident at the distances smaller than the classic electron radius (of the order of 10^–15 m. This explains the capacity of the electron to move away from the proton nucleus of the atom, with the exception of the electron capture regime. This also explains the change of the nuclear attraction forces to the repulsion forces when the alternating shells of the nucleons come together to distances smaller than the effect of the nuclear forces 10^–15 m.

4. The balance of the energy and electron mass (positron) in the entire range of speeds in the quantised medium, including the speed of light, have been determined. The electron energy is manifested as a difference between its limiting and hidden energies. The electron mass is a difference between its limiting and hidden masses. With the increase of the electron speed, the hidden energy and mass of the electron change to the observed forms.

5. The tensioning of the quantised medium around the electron has been investigated. The maximum tension force reaches the value 29 N on the surface of the gravitational boundary of the electron, and the tension is estimated at 0.29·10³⁰ N/m² for the electron in the rest state and increases with the increase of the speed in proportion to the normalised relativistic factor. As a result of the colossal tension of the medium, the electron retains its spherical shape. At the same time, the spherical gravitational field is retained in the entire speed range, including the speed of light, with the principle of spherical invariance valid in this case.

6. In addition to the well-known dynamics equation in the electron, it has been shown that the physical nature of the phenomenon is explained most accurately by the dynamics equation with the variation of the mass and energy of the electron along the acceleration path. Continuous acceleration of the electron is accompanied by the redistribution of the quantum density of the medium inside its gravitational boundary, generating the force of resistance to movement. This is a non-inertial movement regime. In transition to the regime of movement by inertia (inertial regime), the electron releases the internal stress determined by the redistribution of the quantum density of the medium during acceleration. Repeated acceleration of the electron is accompanied by bifurcation of the energy in which the electron appears to count its motion anew, determining the fundamentality of the relativity principle as a unique property of the quantised space-time.

7. It has been established that the movement of the electron (positron) in the superelastic and superhard quantised medium is determined by the wave transfer of mass and by tunnelling of the point charge in the channels between the quantons of the medium. Annihilation of the electron and the positron is accompanied by the disruption of the spherical magnetic field and the released energy of spherical deformation of the medium, as a mass defect, transforms to radiation gamma quanta. The released mass free charges merge into an electrical dipole, forming an electronic neutrino, which is an information bit relating to the existence of a pair of particles: electron and positron. The laws of conservation in annihilation of the electron and the positron are valid only in this case.